build: Loki build and Docker updates

[paul1r]

What this PR does / why we need it:
This PR does the following:

• Passes a GO_VERSION argument into the Dockerfiles from the Makefile, allowing the version to be updated in a single place, and all images will be built with that Go version.
• Changes the Docker images to use gcr.io/distroless/base:debug as a base, instead of Alpine.
• Minor tidying of Dockerfiles

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Special notes for your reviewer:

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• Title matches the required conventional commits format, see here
  • Note that Promtail is considered to be feature complete, and future development for logs collection will be in Grafana Alloy. As such, feat PRs are unlikely to be accepted unless a case can be made for the feature actually being a bug fix to existing behavior.
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• For Helm chart changes bump the Helm chart version in production/helm/loki/Chart.yaml and update production/helm/loki/CHANGELOG.md and production/helm/loki/README.md. Example PR
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR